Introduction
At birth, infants have protection against certain
diseases because antibodies have passed through the placenta from the
mother to the unborn child. After birth, breastfed babies get the
continued benefits of additional antibodies in breast milk. But in both
cases, the protection is only temporary.
Definition
Immunization(vaccination) is a way of creating immunity to certain disease by using
small amounts of a killed or weakened microorganism that cause the
particular disease.
Immunization Terms
Immunity: an inherited or acquired state in which an individual is
resistant to the occurrence or the effects of a specific disease,
particularly an infectious agent.
Natural immunity: innate immunity or resistance to infection or toxicity.
Acquired immunity: immunity from exposure to the invading agent, either bacteria, viruses, or toxin.
Active immunity: a state where immune bodies are activity formed against
specific antigens, either naturally by having had the disease
clinically or subclinically or artificially by introducing the antigen
into the individual.
Passive immunity: temporary immunity obtained by transferring
immunoglobulin or antitoxin either artificially from another human or an
animal that has been actively immunized against an antigen or naturally
from the mother to the fetus via the placenta.
How Immunizations Works
The organisms that cause a disease (or materials produced from those
organisms) are weakened or killed and then made into vaccines. These
vaccines are injected into the body or are taken by mouth. The body
reacts by making disease-fighting substances - antibodies - that build
up in the system and guard against these diseases for a long time, often
for a lifetime. Thus, immunization helps the body to defend itself
against a particular disease
Types of Vaccines
Attenuated (weakened) live viruses are used in some vaccines such as in the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Killed (inactivated) viruses or bacteria are used in some vaccines, such as in IPV.
Toxoid vaccines contain a toxin produced by the bacterium. For example,
the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are toxoid vaccines.
Biosynthetic vaccines (such as Hib) contain synthetic substances.
General Contraindication to Immunization
Moderate or sever illnesses with or without a feverAnaphylactic or reaction to a previously administered vaccine or substance in the vaccine
Live virus vaccines generally are not administered to anyone with an altered immune system
Recommended Vaccinations
Hepatitis B
DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis)
Hib (Haemophilus Influenza type B)
IPV (polio)
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
BCG
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B virus affect the liver.
Vaccine is administered IM in the vastus laterals muscle in newborns and
in the deltoid for older infants and children(dorsoguteal site is
avoided)
1st dose…. at the beginning of the third month
2ed dose… at the beginning of the 4 month
3rd dose…. at the beginning of the 5month
Cont.
Reaction: mild fever or redness at the injection site
Can be treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen
Note: if a mother of a newborn carries (HBV) in her blood, the infant needs to receive the first shot within 12 hrs after birth
DTaP Vaccine
Diphtheria: a serious infection of the throat that can block the airway and cause sever breathing difficulty
Tetanus: a nerve disease, caused by toxin-producing bacteria contaminating a wound
Pertussis: (whooping cough) a respiratory illness with cold symptoms that progress to sever coughing
Cont.
Vaccine administered IM
The DTaP is administered at (3,4,5, month). 1st Booster dose of DTP is
given between ages 18 and 24 months, 2nd Booster of DT at 6 year, 3rd
dose of DT at 16 years.
Reaction: drowsiness, fretfulness, low- grade fever, and redness and pain at the injection site.
Pain & fever can be treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen
A warm, damp cloth may help reduce soreness
Cont.
Note: DTaP is contraindicated in children who have progressive or
unstable neurological disorder or who have had a sever allergic reaction
to pertussis in a previous DTaP vaccine.
So if pertussis vaccine is contraindicated the DT is substituted.
MMR Vaccine
Measles, mumps, and rubella( German measles)
Vaccine is administered s.c
1ST dose…. Between 18 and 24 months of age
Measles Vaccine
Measles, also called rubeola, is a highly contagious — but rare —
respiratory infection that's caused by a virus. It causes a total-body
skin rash and flu-like symptoms, including a fever, cough, and runny
nose.
It given sc, 1st dose at the beginning of 10 month
Cont.
Reaction: rash, fever, and mild joint pain
If a rash develops without other symptoms, no treatment is necessary and should resolve within several days
Pain and fever may treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen
Contraindicated in anaphylactic reaction against egg and neomycin
Cont.
Note: Children should be skin- tested for tuberculosis before measles
vaccine administered because measles virus can cause tuberculosis to be
systematic.
IPV Vaccine
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine
Polio is a viral infection that can result in permanent paralysis
The vaccine administered IM.
The IPV is administered at the beginning of 3rd and 4th month,
Cont.
IPV should not be given to kids with severe allergy (anaphylactic reaction) to neomycin streptomycin
BCG
Bacilli Calmette Guerin
Given at birth (14-35 day after birth)
Booster Dose at 6 years if not given at birth
This vaccine is available against tuberculosis
The BCG vaccine is administered intradermally( ln upper arm)
Reaction: small tender and swelling which may ulcerate and become a scar
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine prevents meningitis (an infection
of the covering of the brain and spinal cord), pneumonia (lung
infection), and other serious infections caused by a type of bacteria
called Haemophilus influenzae type b. and it is usually given to infants
starting at two months old. The Hib vaccine can be combined with other
vaccines.
Vaccine is administered IM in the vastus laterals muscle.
1st dose….3 months
2ed dose… 4 months
3rd dose…. at 5 months
Oral polio
Polio is a disease caused by a virus. It enters a child’s
(or adult’s) body through the mouth. Sometimes it does
not cause serious illness. But sometimes it causes
paralysis (can’t move arm or leg). It can kill people who
get it, usually by paralyzing the muscles that help them
breathe.
1st dose given at a beginning of 4 month
2nd at 5 month
3rd at the beginning of 10 month
1st Booster dose between 18-24 month
2nd Booster dose at 6 years old
